| The examples provided are based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) (Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2020), available in Wawasan libraries under call number BF76.7 P976 2020. Further information is available at APA website. This citation guide is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. |
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| Examples |
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| Print documents | Parts of a book | Journal articles | Newspaper article (Print) | Electronic documents | Other sources | Reference list | Abbreviations | Writing and research guides | Bibliographic Management Software |
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| Print documents |
| To document a book, the following details should be provided:
Author's last name, First and Second Initial. (Year in publication). Title in italic. Publisher. |
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| Resource type |
| Book - Single author | In-text citation | Kourik (1998)
(Kourik, 1998) |
| Reference list | Kourik, R. (1998). The lavender garden: Beautiful varieties to grow and gather.Chronicle Books. |
| Book - More than one author or editors | In-text citation | Flinders and Mills (1993)
(Flinders & Mills, 1993) |
| Reference list | Flinders, D. J., & Mills, G. E. (Eds.). (1993). Theory and concepts in qualitative research: Perspectives from the field. Teachers College Press. |
| Book (Corporate or organization author) | In-text citation | Ohio State (1959)
(Ohio State, 1959) |
| Reference list | Ohio State University. Natural Resources Institute. (1959). A directory of Ohio facilities and services for resource conservation. Natural Resources Institute. |
| Translation | In-text citation | Laplace (1951)
(Laplace, 1951) |
| Reference list | Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). Dover. (Original work published 1814). |
| Multivolume work | In-text citation | Levinson and Ember (1996)
(Levinson & Ember, 1996) |
| Reference list | Levinson, D., & Ember, M. (Eds.). (1996). Encyclopedia of cultural anthropology (Vols. 1-4). Henry Holt. |
| Theses or dissertation | In-text citation | Dewstow (2006)
(Dewstow, 2006) |
| Reference list | Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato. |
| Proceedings | In-text citation | Bujang and Husaini (2002)
(Bujang & Husaini, 2002) |
| Reference list | Bujang, B. K. H., & Husaini Omar. (Eds.). (2002). Proceedings of 2nd GEGEM Research Seminar, July 2-4, 2003. Penerbit UPM. |
| Organisation | In-text citation | American Psychological Association, (2020)
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2020) |
| Reference list | American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). American Psychological Association. |
| Government publication | In-text citation | National Institute of Mental Health (1990)
(National Institute of Mental Health, 1990) |
| Reference list | National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). U.S. Government Printing Office. |
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| Parts of a Book |
| This refers to chapters or parts of edited work in which the parts have individual title and author(s), but are included in collections edited by others.
To document parts of a book, refer the following citation format |
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| Resource type |
| Article or chapter in a book | In-text citation | Helber (1995)
(Helber, 1995) |
| Reference list | Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp.105-113). Wiley. |
| Conference or seminar paper | In-text citation | Hasmah and Azizah (2007)
(Hasmah & Azizah, 2007) |
| Reference list | Hasmah Zanuddin, & Azizah Hamzah. (2007). International trade agreement of intellectual property rights (TRIPS), copyright issues & burden to enforce in Malaysia. In K.Y. Choi (Ed.), Korean studies in Southeast Asia: Strategic. cooperation and development in research and education: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the Korean Studies Association of Southeast Asia University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (pp. 121-138). University of Malaya. |
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| Journal Articles |
| To document journal articles, refer the following citation format |
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| Resource Type |
| Journal article | In-text citation | Terborgh (1974)
(Terborgh, 1974)
(Terborgh, 1974, p. 720) |
| Reference list | Terborgh, J. (1974). Preservation of natural diversity: The problem of extinction-prone species. BioScience, 24, 715-22.
Note: Italicised the Volume |
| Journal article with two authors | In-text citation | Bolzan and Jezek (2000)
(Bolzan & Jezek, 2000)
(Bolzan & Jezek, 2000, pp. 280-281) |
| Reference list | Bolzan, J. F., & Jezek, K. C. (2000). Accumulation rate changes in central Greenland from passive microwave data. Polar Geography, 27(4), 277-319.
Note: Italicised the Volume |
| Journal article with more than 3 authors | In-text citation | Kernis et al. (1993)
(Kernis et al., 1993)
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| Reference list | Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
Note: Italicised the Volume |
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| Newspaper Article in Print |
| This covers citing a newspaper in print. |
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| Resource Type |
| Newspaper article | In-text citation | Schwartz (1993)
(Schwartz, 1993) |
| Reference list | Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4 |
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| Electronic Documents |
| This covers Internet sites, emails, and electronic journal or book retrieved from one of the full-text databases subscribed by WOU library.
To document an electronic resource, refer the following citation format. |
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| Resource Type |
| Electronic book | In-text citation | Green (2014)
(Green, 2014) |
| Reference list | Green, C. H. (2014). Banker's guide to new small business finance: Venture deals, crowdfunding, private equity, and technology. https://library-books24x7-com/ |
| E-journal from fulltext database | In-text citation | (Shepherd et al., 2007)
Shepherd et al. (2007) |
| Reference list | Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018 |
| Journal article from the Internet | In-text citation | (Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.)
Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..." (para. 3) |
| Reference list | Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka |
| Newspaper article from Internet - No author | In-text citation | ("Redesigning Malaysia's Higher Education System", 2018) |
| Reference list | Redesigning Malaysia's higher education system (2018, May 06), The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2018/05/06/redesigning-malaysias-higher-education-system |
| Newspaper article from Internet | In-text citation | Sario (2006)
(Sario, 2006) |
| Reference list | Sario, R. (2006, July 19). Sabah tourism players not happy with sales tax plan. The Star. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news |
| Newspaper article from fulltext database | In-text citation | Howe (2018)
(Howe, 2018) |
| Reference list | Howe, F. (2018). Cool offices: flexibility in employee growth. The Star Online, April 20. http://mystarjob.com/articles/story.aspx?file=/2018/4/20/mystarjob_features/201. 80420094551&sec=mystarjob_features |
| Whole Internet site | In-text citation | Ministry of Human Resources (2003)
(Ministry of Human Resources, 2003) |
| Reference list | Malaysia. Ministry of Human Resources. (2003). Combating unemployment: the Malaysian experience. http://www.mohr.gov.my/mygoveg/ |
| Internet document - No author | In-text citation | ("Tutor and tutorial support", 2016) |
| Reference list | Tutor and tutorial support. (2006). Wawasan Open University Registry. http://www.wou.edu.my/study_lstutor.aspx |
| Government publication | In-text citation | Ministry of Higher Education (2006)
(Ministry of Higher Education, 2006) |
| Reference list | Malaysia. Ministry of Higher Education. Malaysia education blueprint 2015-2025 (higher education). (2015). http://www.mohe.gov.my/muat-turun/awam/penerbitan/pppm-2015-2025-pt/5-malaysia-education-blueprint-2015-2025-higher-education |
| E-mail | In-text citation | (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2018). |
| Reference list | Note: No personal communication is included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicators name and the date of the communication in your main text only. |
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| Other Sources |
| This includes interview recording, television broadcast, motion picture/video recording blogs, etc. |
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| Electronic book | In-text citation | Abdullah (2006)
(Abdullah, 2006) |
| Reference list | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. (2006). Interview by Allan Waruthers. BBC Evening News. British Broadcasting Corporation, 24 August 2005. |
| Audiovisual film - Motion picture | In-text citation | Vasile and Fellini (2001)
(Vasile & Fellini, 2001) |
| Reference list | Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM Home Entertainment. |
| Television programme | In-text citation | Slater (2002)
(Slater, 2002) |
| Reference list | Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60 minutes. TV3 Network Services |
| CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs | In-text citation | Homeyer and Mikolajczyk (2006)
(Homeyer & Mikolajczyk, 2006) |
| Reference list | Homeyer, J., & Mikolajczyk, S. (2004). Techniques of crime scene investigation [CD-ROM]. CRC. |
| Photographs | In-text citation | Roege (1958)
(Roege, 1958) |
| Reference list | Roege, W.J. (Photographer). (1958). St. Patrick's cathedral, fifth avenue from 50th street to 51st street [photograph]. New-York Historical Society. |
| Online discussion | In-text citation | Chalmers (2000)
(Chalmers, 2000) |
| Reference list | Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/
Note: Do not italicise titles of unpublished works |
| Blog post | In-text citation | Wadard (2009)
(Wadard, 2009) |
| Reference list | Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web log message]. http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/
Note: Do not italicise titles of unpublished works |
| Video blog post | In-text citation | Leelefever (2007)
(Leelefever, 2007) |
| Reference list | Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY
Note: Do not italicise titles of unpublished works |
| Website (Print) | In-text citation | National Geographic (2005)
(National Geographic, 2005) |
| Reference list | Roach, J. (2005). Journal ranks top 25 unanswered science questions. http://nationalgeographic.com |
| Webpage (Informally published work) | In-text citation | (New Zealand Government, 2007) |
| Reference list | Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. http://www.stats.govt.nz |
| Website (Video) | In-text citation | Ross (2017)
(Ross, 2017) |
| Reference list | Ross, Nancy, "Ancient near Eastern and ancient Egyptian art," performed by Ydraw (video) 0:30/6:17. Utah System of Higher Education. http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history-basics/art-1010-ddp/v/ancient-near-eastern-and-ancient-egyptian-art |
| Music | In-text citation | The Beatles (2003)
(The Beatles, 2003, track 10)
Note: Include side and band or track numbers |
| Reference list | The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked [CD]. Capital Records. |
| Computer software | In-text citation | (Version 2.1; Esolang, 2014) |
| Reference list | Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator [Computer software]. E & K Press. |
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| Reference List |
| The sample reference list will look like the following :
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| Bujang, B. K. H., & Husaini Omar. (Eds.). (2002). Proceedings of 2nd GEGEM Research Seminar, July 2-4, 2003. Penerbit UPM. |
| Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato. |
| Flinders, D. J., & Mills, G. E. (Eds.) (1993). Theory and concepts in qualitative research: Perspectives from the field. Teachers College Press. |
| Green, C. H. (2014). Banker's guide to new small business finance: venture deals, crowdfunding, private equity, and technology. https://library-books24x7-com/ |
| Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Wiley. |
| Kourik, R. (1998). The lavender garden: Beautiful varieties to grow and gather. Chronicle Books. |
| Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). Dover. (Original work published 1814). |
| Levinson, D., & Ember, M. (Eds.). (1996). Encyclopedia of cultural anthropology (Vols. 1-4). Henry Holt |
| National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). U.S. Government Printing Office. |
| Ohio State University. Natural Resources Institute. (1959). A directory of Ohio facilities and services for resource conservation. Natural Resources Institute. |
| Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. |
| Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018 |
| Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka |
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| Abbreviations |
| You may use the standard abbreviations listed below in your citations. Use it sparingly to maximize clarity. A term should not be abbreviated unless it appears three or more times after its first mention in a paper |
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| APA Terms | Abbreviation |
| and others | et al. |
| and so on / and so forth | etc. |
| chapter | chap. |
| compare | cf. |
| edition | ed. |
| Editor(s) | Ed. or Eds. |
| for example | e.g., |
| kilogram | kg |
| liter | L |
| namely | viz., |
| No date of publication | n.d. |
| Number | No. |
| Page(s) | p. or pp. |
| Paragraph | para. |
| Part | pt. |
| revised edition | Rev. ed. |
| Second Edition | 2nd ed. |
| Supplement | Suppl. |
| Technical Report | Tech. Rep. |
| that is | i.e., |
| Translator(s) | Trans. |
| versus | vs. |
| volt | V |
| Volume(s) | Vol. or Vols. |
| watt | W |
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| Note: Use the abbreviation "pp." for page numbers in encyclopedia entries, multi-page newspaper articles, chapters, or articles in edited books, but not in journal or magazine article citations, where number alone should be used.
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| Writing and Research Guides |
| Beside the APA style guide, you may also consult the following writing and research guides available at the Main Library.
- Boden, C. J., Murray, T., & Elufiede, O. (2016). Enhancing writing skills. Information Age Publishing. Retrieved April 18, 2019 from http://search.ebscohost.com
- Evans, D., Gruba, P., & Zobel, J. (2014). How to write a better thesis (3rd ed.). Springer. (Call number LB2369 E925 2014)
- Fabb, N., & Durant, A. (2014). How to write essays and dissertations: A guide for English Literature students (2nd ed.). http://search.ebscohost.com
- Greene, S., & Lidinsky, A. (2018). From inquiry to academic writing: A practical guide (4th ed.). Bedford/St Martin's. (Call number LB2369 G812 2018)
- Northey, M., Tepperman, L., & Albanese, P. (2015). Making sense: A student's guide to research and writing, social sciences (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. (Call number LB2369 N874 2015)
- Turabian, K. L. (2018). A manual for writers of research papers, theses and dissertation (9th ed.). University of Chicago Press. (Call number LB2369 T929 2018)
- Williams, P. (2018). Advanced writing skills for students of English. Brighton, CO: Rumian Publishing. (Call number PE1097 W726 2018)
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| Bibliographic Management Software |
| There is a number of software available in the market that you can use for storing and cross linking your references and notes, and for generating specific bibliographies. The software varies in terms of costs, features and platform used. The University has no preference for any particular software but some of the popular free online bibliography and citation tools are :-
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